References:
1. Maj M. The WPA Action Plan 2008-2011. World Psychiatry 2008;7:129-30.
2. Maj M. The WPA Action Plan is in progress. World Psychiatry 2009;8:65-6.
3. Stuart H. Fighting the stigma caused by mental disorders: past perspectives, present activities, and future directions. World Psychiatry 2008;7:185-8.
4. Angermeyer MC. Public image of psychiatry. Results of a representative poll in the new federal states of Germany. Psychiatrische Praxis 2000;27:327-9.
5. Gibson R. The psychiatric hospital and reduction of stigma. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:185-8.
6. Redlich FC. What the citizen knows about psychiatry. Ment. Hyg. 1950;34:64-79.
7. Weinstein RM. Attitudes toward psychiatric treatment among hospitalized patients: a review of quantitative research. Soc. Sci. Med. 1981;15:301-14.
8. Borinstein AB. Public attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Health Affairs 1992;11:186-96.
9. Arens DA. What do the neighbors think now? Community residences on Long Island in New York. Commun. Ment. Health J. 1993;29:235-45.
10. Dear M. Understanding and overcoming the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of the American Planning Association 1992;58:288-300.
11. Lauber C, Nordt C, Haker H. et al. Community psychiatry: results of a public opinion survey. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2006;52:234-42.
12. Takahashi LM. Information and attitudes toward mental health care facilities: implications for addressing the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of Planning Education and Research 1997;17:119-30.
13. Kobau R, Dilorio C, Chapman D et al. Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma. Commun. Ment. Health J. 2010;46:164-76.
14. Flaskerud JH, Kviz FJ. Rural attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness and treatment resources. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1983;34:229-33.
15. Yang LH, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma and beliefs of efficacy towards traditional Chinese medicine and Western psychiatric treatment among Chinese-Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2008;14:10-8.
16. Hamre P, Dahl AA, Malt UF. Public attitudes to the quality of psychiatric treatment, psychiatric patients, and prevalence of mental disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1994;48:275-81.
17. Schnittker J. Misgivings of medicine?: African Americans’ skepticism of psychiatric medication. J Health Soc Behav 2003;44:506-24.
18. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Mehta N. Discrimination against people with mental illness: what can psychiatrists do? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2010;16:53-9.
19. Britten N. Psychiatry, stigma, and resistance. Psychiatrists need to concentrate on understanding, not simply compliance. BMJ 1998;317:963-4.
20. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L et al. Lay recommendations on how to treat mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:553-6.
21. De Toledo Piza Peluso È, Luìs Blay S. Public beliefs about the treatment of schizophrenia and depression in Brazil. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2009;55:16-27.
22. Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF. Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study. BMC Public Health 2009;9:1-20.
23. Angermeyer MC, Breier P, Dietrich S et al. Public attitudes toward psychiatric treatment. An international comparison. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:855-64.
24. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Public attitude towards psychiatric treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:326-36.
25. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG. Whom to ask for help in case of a mental disorder? Preferences of the lay public. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999;34:202-10.
26. Noble LM, Douglas BC, Newman SP. What do patients expect of psychiatric services? A systematic and critical review of empirical studies. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:985-98.
27. Angermeyer MC, Holzinger A, Matschinger H. Mental health literacy and attitude towards people with mental illness: a trend analysis based on population surveys in the eastern part of Germany. Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:225-32.
28. Dahlberg KM, Waern M, Runeson B. Mental health literacy and attitudes in a Swedish community sample – investigating the role of personal experience of mental health care. BMC Public Health, 2008;8:1-10.
29. Lasoski MC. Attitudes of the elderly toward mental health treatment strategies. Dissertation Abstracts International 1984;44:2248b.
30. Hugo CJ, Boshoff DEL, Traut A et al. Community attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness in South Africa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38:715-9.
31. Ozmen E, Ogel K, Aker T et al. Public opinions and beliefs about the treatment of depression in urban Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40;869-76.
32. Lazaratou H, Anagnostopoulos DC, Alevizos EV et al. Parental attitudes and opinions on the use of psychotropic medication in mental disorders of childhood. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007,6:1-7.
33. Zoellner LA, Feeny NC, Cochran B et al. Treatment choice for PTSD. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:879-86.
34. Stones CR. Attitudes toward psychology, psychiatry and mental illness in the Central Eastern Cape of South Africa. South Afr J Psychol 1996;26:221-5.
35. Wagner AW, Bystritsky A, Russo JE et al. Beliefs about psychotropic medication and psychotherapy among primary care patients with anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2005;21:99-105.
36. Givens JL, Katz IR, Bellamy S et al. Stigma and the acceptability of depression treatments among African Americans and Whites. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1292-7.
37. Ineland L, Jacobssson L, Renberg ES et al. Attitudes towards mental disorders and psychiatric treatment – changes over time in a Swedish population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2008;62:192-7.
38. Jorm AF. Mental health literacy: public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:396-401.
39. Benkert O, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hillert A et al. Public opinion on psychotropic drugs: an analysis of the factors influencing acceptance or rejection. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:151-8.
40. De Las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ. Attitudes toward psychiatric drug treatment: the experience of being treated. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:1063-7.
41. Croghan TW, Tomlin M, Pescosolido BA et al. American attitudes toward and willingness to use psychiatric medications. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003;191:166-74.
42. Hegerl U, Althaus D, Stefanek J. Public attitudes towards treatment of depression: effects of an information campaign. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36:288-91.
43. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Demyttenaere K et al. Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients’ attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants. Psychol Med 2005;35:1205-13.
44. Angermeyer MC, Held T, Görtler D. Pro and contra: psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy attitude of the public. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1993;43:286-92.
45. Pescosolido BA, Perry BL, Martin JK et al. Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about treatment and psychiatric medications for children with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:613-8.
46. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Have there been any changes in the public’s attitudes towards psychiatric treatment? Results from representative population surveys in Germany in the years 1990 and 2001. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:68-73.
47. Akighir A. Traditional and modern psychiatry: a survey of opinions and beliefs amongst people in plateau state, Nigeria. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1982;28:203-9.
48. Alem A, Jacobsson L, Hanlon C. Community-based mental health care in Africa: mental health workers’ views. World Psychiatry 2008;7:54-7.
49. Balon R, Gregory R, Franchini MD et al. Medical students’ attitudes and views of psychiatry: 15 years later. Acad Psychiatry 1999;23:30-6.
50. Caldera T, Kullgren G. Attitudes to psychiatry among Swedish and Nicaraguan medical students: a cross-cultural study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1994;48:271-4.
51. Bulbena A, Pailhez G, Coll J et al. Changes in the attitudes towards psychiatry among Spanish medical students during training in psychiatry. Eur J Psychiatry 2005;19:79-87.
52. Creed F, Goldberg D. Students’ attitudes towards psychiatry. Med Educ 2009;21:227-34.
53. Lau AY, Offord DR. A study of student attitudes toward a psychiatric clerkship. J Ass Am Med Coll 1976;51:919-28.
54. Maxmen JS. Student attitude changes during "psychiatric medicine" clerkships. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1979;1:98-103.
55. McParland M, Noble LM, Livingston G et al. The effect of a psychiatric attachment on students’ attitudes to and intention to pursue psychiatry as a career. Med Educ 2003;37:447-54.
56. McParland M, Noble LM, Livingston G. The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in undergraduate psychology. Med Educ 2004;38:859-67.
57. Balon R. Does a clerkship in psychiatry affect medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry? Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:73-5.
58. Brook P, Ingleby D, Wakeford R. Students’ attitudes to psychiatry: a study of first- and final-year clinical students’ attitudes in six medical schools. J Psychiatr Educ 1986;10:151-69.
59. Shelley RK, Webb MG. Does clinical clerkship alter students’ attitudes to a career choice of psychiatry? Med Educ 1986;20:330-4.
60. Augoustinos M, Schrader G, Chynoweth R et al. Medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry: a conceptual shift. Psychol Med 1985;15:671-8.
61. Burch EA, Smeltzer DJ, Chestnut EC. Tutorial teaching of psychiatry – effects on test-scores, attitudes, and career choices of medical students. J Psychiatr Educ 1984;8:127-35.
62. Chung MC, Prasher VP. Differences in attitudes among medical students towards psychiatry in one English university. Psychol Rep 1995;77:843-7.
63. Das MP, Chandrasena RD. Medical students’ attitude towards psychiatry. Can J Psychiatry 1988;33:783-7.
64. Holm-Petersen C, Vinge S, Hansen J et al. The impact of contact with psychiatry on senior medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;33:308-11.
65. Moos RH, Yalom ID. Medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatrists. Ment Hyg 1966;50:246-56.
66. Oldham JM, Sacks MH, Nininger JE et al. Medical students’ learning as primary therapists or as participant/observers in a psychiatric clerkship. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1615-8.
67. Singh SP, Baxter H, Standen P et al. Changing the attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards mental illness and psychiatry: a comparison of two teaching methods. Med Educ 1998;32:115-20.
68. Sloan D, Browne S, Meagher D et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among Irish final year medical students. Eur Psychiatry 1996; 11:407-11.
69. Wilkinson DG, Greer S, Toone BK. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Psychol Med 1983;13:185-92.
70. Wilkinson DG, Toone BK, Greer S. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry at the end of the clinical curriculum. Psychol Med 1983;13:655-8.
71. Reddy JP, Tan SM, Azmi MT et al. The effect of a clinical posting in psychiatry on the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry and mental illness in a Malaysian medical school. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005;34:505-10.
72. Baxter H, Singh SP, Standen P et al. The attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards mental illness and psychiatry: changes during the final undergraduate year. Med Educ 2001;35:381-3.
73. Burra P, Kalin R, Leichner P et al. The ATP 30 – a scale for measuring medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Med Educ 1982;16:31-8.
74. Sivakumar K, Wilkinson G, Toone BK et al. Attitudes to psychiatry in doctors at the end of their first post-graduate year: two-year follow-up of a cohort of medical students. Psychol Med 1986;16:457-60.
75. Araya RI, Jadresic E, Wilkinson G. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry in Chile. Med Educ 1992;26:153-6.
76. Agbayewa MO, Leichner PP. Effects of a psychiatric rotation on psychiatric knowledge and attitudes towards psychiatry in rotating interns. Can J Psychiatry 1985;30:602-4.
77. Fischel T, Manna H, Krivoy A et al. Does a clerkship in psychiatry contribute to changing medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry? Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:147-50.
78. Galletly CA, Schrader GD, Chestemtan HM et al. Medical student attitudes to psychiatry: lack of effect of psychiatric hospital experience. Med Educ 1995;29:449-51.
79. Guttmann F, Rosca-Rebaudengo P, Davis H. Changes in attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry: an evaluation of a clerkship in psychiatry. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1996;33:158-66.
80. Kuhnigk O, Strebel B, Schilauske J et al. Attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry: effects of training, courses in psychiatry, psychiatric experience and gender. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2007;12:87-101.
81. Muga F, Hagali M. What do final year medical students at the University of Papua New Guinea think of psychiatry. PNG Med J 2006;49:126-36.
82. Tharyan P, John T, Tharyan A et al. Attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards psychiatry and mental illness. National Medical Journal of India 2001;14:355-9.
83. Bobo WV, Nevin R, Greene E et al. The effect of psychiatric third year rotation setting on academic performance, student attitudes, and specialty choice. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:105-11.
84. Alexander DA, Eagles JM. Changes in attitudes towards psychiatry among medical students: correlation of attitude shift with academic performance. Med Educ 1990;24:452-60.
85. Maidment R, Livingston G, Katona C et al. Change in attitudes to psychiatry and intention to pursue psychiatry as a career in newly qualified doctors: a follow-up of two cohorts of medical students. Med Teach 2004;26:565-9.
86. Ndetei DM, Khasakhala L, Ongecha-Owuor F et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry: a survey of medical students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:154-9.
87. Niaz U, Hassan S, Hussain H et al. Attitudes towards psychiatry in pre-clinical and post-clinical clerkships in different medical colleges of Karachi. Pak J Med Sci 2003;19:253-63.
88. Niedermier JA, Bornstein R, Brandemihl A. The junior medical student psychiatry clerkship: curriculum, attitudes, and test performance. Acad Psychiatry 2006;30:136-43.
89. Rao NR, Meinzer AE, Manley M et al. International medical students’ career choice, attitudes toward psychiatry, and emigration to the United States: examples from India and Zimbabwe. Acad Psychiatry 1998;22:117-26.
90. O’Flaherty AF. Students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Irish Med J 1977;70:162-3.
91. Soufi HE, Raoof AM. Attitude of medical students towards psychiatry. Med Educ 1991;26:38-41.
92. Abramowitz MZ, Bentov-Gofrit D. The attitudes of Israeli medical students toward residency in psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:92-5.
93. Berman I, Merson A, Berman SM et al. Psychiatrists’ attitudes toward psychiatry. Acad Med 1996;71:110-1.
94. Buchanan A, Bhugra D. Attitude of the medical profession to psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:1-5.
95. Compton MT, Frank E, Elon L et al. Changes in U.S. medical students’ specialty interests over the course of medical school. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:1095-100.
96. Eagle PF, Marcos LR. Factors in medical students’ choice of psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:423-7.
97. Furnham AF. Medical students’ beliefs about nine different specialties. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:1607-10.
98. Gat I, Abramowitz MZ, Bentov-Gofrit D et al. Changes in the attitudes of Israeli students at the Hebrew University Medical School toward residency in psychiatry: a cohort study. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2007;44:194-203.
99. Koh KB. Medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry in a Korean medical college. Yonsei Medical Journal 1990;31:60-4.
100. Laugharne R, Appiah-Poku J, Laugharne J et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among final-year medical students in Kumasi, Ghana. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:71-5.
101. Malhi GS, Parker GB, Parker K et al. Shrinking away from psychiatry? A survey of Australian medical students’ interest in psychiatry. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2002;36:416-23.
102. Monro AB. The status of psychiatry in the National Health Service. Am J Psychiatry 1969;125:1223-6.
103. Neff JA, McFall SL, Cleaveland TD. Psychiatry and medicine in the US: interpreting trends in medical specialty choice. Sociol Health Illn 1987;9:45-61.
104. Pailhez G, Bulbena A, Coll J et al. Attitudes and views on psychiatry: a comparison between Spanish and U.S. medical students. Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:82-91.
105. Rosoff SM, Leone MC. The public prestige of medical specialties: overviews and undercurrents. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:321-6.
106. Singer P, Dornbush RL, Brownstein EJ et al. Undergraduate psychiatric education and attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:14-20.
107. von Sydow K. Das Image von Psychologen, Psychotherapeuten und Psychiatern in der Öffentlichkeit. Psychotherapeut 2007;52:322-33.
108. Yager J, Lamotte K, Nielsen A III et al. Medical students’ evaluation of psychiatry: a cross-country comparison. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1003-9.
109. Wigney T, Parker G. Factors encouraging medical students to a career in psychiatry: qualitative analysis. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2008;42:520-5.
110. Lee EK, Kaltreider N, Crouch J. Pilot study of current factors influencing the choice of psychiatry as a specialty. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1066-9.
111. Creed F, Goldberg D. Doctors’ interest in psychiatry as a career. Med Educ 1987;21:235-43.
112. Holmes D, Tmuuliel-Berhalter LM, Zayas LE et al. "Bashing" of medical specialities: student’s experiences and recommendation. Fam Med 2008;40:400-6.
113. Ghadirian AM, Engelsmann F. Medical students’ interest in and attitudes toward psychiatry. J Med Educ 1981;56:361-2.
114. Samuel-Lajeunesse B, Ichou P. French medical students’ opinion of psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1462-6.
115. Calvert SH, Sharpe M, Power M et al. Does undergraduate education have an effect on Edinburgh medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry and psychiatric patients? J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:757-61.
116. Feifel D, Moutier CY, Swerdlow NR. Attitudes toward psychiatry as a prospective career among students entering medical school. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1397-402.
117. Malhi GS, Parker GB, Parker K et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among students entering medical school. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:424-9.
118. Maidment R, Livingston G, Katona M et al. Carry on shrinking: Career intentions and attitudes to psychiatry of prospective medical students. Psychiatr Bull 2003;27:30-2.
119. Yellowlees P, Vizard T, Eden J. Australian medical students’ attitudes towards specialties and specialists. Med J Australia 1990;152:587-8, 591-2.
120. Cutler JL, Harding KJ, Mozian SA et al. Discrediting the notion "working with ‘crazies’ will make you ‘crazy’": addressing stigma and enhancing empathy in medical student education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2009;14:487-502.
121. Cutler JL, Alspector SL, Harding KJ et al. Medical students’ perceptions of psychiatry as a career choice. Acad Psychiatry 2006;30:144-9.
122. Garfinkel PE, Dorian BJ. Psychiatry in the new millennium. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:40-7.
123. Martin VL, Bennett DS, Pitale M. Medical students’ interest in child psychiatry: a clerkship intervention. Acad Psychiatry 2007;31:225-7.
124. Syed EU, Siddiqi MN, Dogar I et al. Attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards psychiatry as a prospective career: a survey. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:160-4.
125. Byrne P. Challenging healthcare discrimination. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2010;16:60-2.
126. Stoudemire A. Quo vadis, psychiatry? Problems and potential for the future of medical student education in psychiatry. Psychosomatics 2000;41:204-9.
127. Wigney T, Parker G. Medical student observations on a career in psychiatry. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2007;41:726-31.
128. Arboleda-Flórez J. Considerations on the stigma of mental illness. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:645-50.
129. Arboleda-Flórez J. Mental illness and human rights. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008;21:479-84.
130. Strebel B, Obladen M, Lehmann E et al. Attitude of medical students to psychiatry. A study with the German translated, expanded version of the ATP-30. Nervenarzt 2000;71:205-12.
131. Akinyinka OO, Ohaeri JU, Asuzu MC. Beliefs and attitudes of clinical year students concerning medical specialties: an Ibadan medical school study. Afr J Med Sci 1992;21:89-99.
132. Al-Adawi S, Dorvlo AS, Bhaya C et al. Withering before the sowing? A survey of Oman’s ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ interest in Psychiatry. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2008;21:117.
133. Brockington I, Mumford D. Recruitment into psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:307-12.
134. Herran A, Carrera M, Andres A et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among medical students – factors associated to selection of psychiatry as a career. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16:563.
135. Maric´ NP, Stojiljkovic´ DJ, Milekic´ B et al. How medical students in their pre-clinical year perceive psychiatry as a career: the study from Belgrade. Psychiatr Danub 2009;21:206-12.
136. Lambert TW, Turner G, Fazel S et al. Reasons why some UK medical graduates who initially choose psychiatry do not pursue it as a long-term career. Psychol Med 2006;36:679-84.
137. West ND, Walsh MA. Psychiatry’s image today: results of an attitudinal survey. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:1318-9.
138. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:4-12.
139. van Os J. ‘Salience syndrome’ replaces ‘schizophrenia’ in DSM-V and ICD-11: psychiatry’s evidence-based entry into the 21st century? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;120:363-72.
140. Summerfield D. Depression: epidemic or pseudo-epidemic? J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:161-2.
141. Alarcon RD. Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections. World Psychiatry 2009;8:131-9.
142. Katschnig H. Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry 2010;9:21-8.
143. Nielsen AC III, Eaton JS Jr. Medical students’ attitudes about psychiatry. Implications for psychiatric recruitment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:1144-54.
144. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Sandmann J et al. Die Einstellung von Medizinstudenten zur Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka., Teil 1: Vergleich zwischen Medizinstudenten und Allgemeinbevölkerung. Psychiatr Prax 1994;21:58-63.
145. Hillert A, Sandmann J, Angermeyer MC et al. Attitude of medical students to treatment with psychotropic drugs. 2: Change in attitude in the course of medical education. Psychiatr Prax 1994;21:64-9.
146. Linden M, Becker S. Attitudes and beliefs of medical and psychology students with regard to treatment with psycholtropic drugs. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1984;52:362-9.
147. Strebel B, Kuhnigk O, Jüptner M et al. Attitudes of medical students toward psychotherapy as a function of the academic semester, gender and prior experience with psychiatry and psychotherapy. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2003;54:184.
148. Walter G, McDonald A, Rey JM et al. Medical student knowledge and attitudes regarding ECT prior to and after viewing ECT scenes from movies. J ECT 2002;18:43-6.
149. Clothier JL, Freeman T, Snow L. Medical student attitudes and knowledge about ECT. J ECT 2001;17:99-101.
150. Gazdag G, Kocsis-Ficzere N, Tolna J. Hungarian medical students’ knowledge about and attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2005;21:96-9.
151. James BO, Omoaregba JO, Olotu OS. Nigerian medical students attitudes to unmodified electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2009;25:186-9.
152. Abbas M, Mashrai N, Mohanna M. Knowledge of and attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy of medical students in the United Kingdom, Egypt, and Iraq: a transcultural perspective. J ECT 2007;23:260-4.
153. Gazdag G, Sebestyén G, Ungvari GS et al. Impact on psychiatric interns of watching live electroconvulsive treatment. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:152-6.
154. Kinnair D, Dawson S, Perera R. Electroconvulsive therapy: medical students’ attitudes and knowledge. The Psychiatrist 2010;34:54-7.
155. Link B, Levav I, Cohen A. The primary medical care practitioner’s attitudes toward psychiatry. An Israeli study. Soc Sci Med 1982;16:1413-20.
156. Meise U, Günther V. Einstellungen von Ärzten zur Psychiatrie. Neuropsychiatrie 1995;Bd.9:157-62.
157. Pro JD, Fortin D. Physicians and psychiatry: physicians‘ attitudes toward psychiatry. J Kans Med Soc 1973;74:367-8.
158. Blumberg P, Flaherty JA. Faculty perceptions of their own speciality. J Med Educ 1982;57:338-9.
159. Rettenbacher MA, Burns T, Kemmler G et al. Schizophrenia: attitudes of patients and professional carers towards the illness and antipsychotic medication. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004;37:103-9.
160. Spießl H, Riederer C, Fichtner KH. Attitudes towards psychiatry – Changing attitudes by working on psychiatric wards. Krankenhauspsychiatrie 2005;16:13-7.
161. Toomey LC, Reznikoff M, Brady JP et al. Attitudes of nursing students toward psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1961;45:589-602.
162. Harding AV. Nurses‘ attitudes to psychiatric treatment. Australasian Nurses Journal 1980;9:28-30.
163. Clarke L. The effects of training and social orientation on attitudes towards psychiatric treatments. J Adv Nurs 1989;14:485-93.
164. Bergman S. Nursing attitudes to psychiatry and geriatrics as preferred work areas with deviant groups. Isr Ann Psychiatry Rel Disc 1974;12:156-60.
165. Reznikoff M. Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides toward psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1963;47:360-4.
166. Wood JH, Chambers M, White SJ. Nurses‘ knowledge of and attitude to electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2007;23:251-4.
167. Einat H, George A. Positive attitude change toward psychiatry in pharmacy students following an active learning psychopharmacology course. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:515-7.
168. Patel MX, De Zoysa N, Baker D et al. Antipsychotic depot medication and attitudes of community psychiatric nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2005;12:237-44.
169. Patel MX, Yeung FK, Haddad PM et al. Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes to antipsychotic depots in Hong Kong and comparison with London. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:758-66.
170. Mbatia J, Shah A, Jenkins R. Knowledge, attitudes and practice pertaining to depression among primary health care workers in Tanzania. Int J Ment Health Syst 2009;3:5.
171. Bentley KJ, Farmer RL, Phillips ME. Student knowledge of and attitudes toward psychotropic drugs. Journal of Social Work Education 1991l;27:279-89.
172. Berg WE, Wallace M. Effect of treatment setting on social workers’ knowledge of psychotropic drugs. Health Soc Work 1987;12:144-52.
173. Moses T, Kirk SA. Social workers’ attitudes about psychotropic drug treatment with youths. Soc Work 2006;51:211-22.
174. Gass JP. The knowledge and attitudes of mental health nurses to electro-convulsive therapy. J Adv Nurs 1998;27:83-90.
175. Bowers L, Alexander J, Simpson A et al. Cultures of psychiatry and the professional socialization process: the case of containment methods for disturbed patients. Nurse Educ Today 2004;24:435-42.
176. Waggoner RW, Waggoner RW Jr. Psychiatry’s image, issues, and responsibility. Psychiatric Hospital 1983;14:34-8.
177. Ben-Noun L. Characterization of patients refusing professional psychiatric treatment in a primary care clinic. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1996;33:167-74.
178. Richardson LA. Seeking and obtaining mental health services: what do parents expect? Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2001;15:223-31.
179. Thorens G, Gex-Fabry M, Zullino DF et al. Attitudes toward psychopharmacology among hospitalized patients from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:55.
180. Balch P, Ireland JF, McWilliams SA et al. Client evaluation of community mental health services: relation to demographic and treatment variables. Am J Commun Psychol 1977;5:243-7.
181. Leaf PJ, Bruce ML, Tischler GL et al. The relationship between demographic factors and attitudes toward mental health services. J Commun Psychol 1987;15:275-84.
182. Skuse DH. Attitudes to the psychiatric outpatient clinic. BMJ 1975;3:469-71.
183. Chakraborty K, Avasthi A, Kumar S et al. Attitudes and beliefs of patients of first episode depression towards antidepressants and their adherence to treatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009;44:482-8.
184. Givens JL, Datto CJ, Ruckdeschel K et al. Older patients‘ aversion to antidepressants. A qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:146-51.
185. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Bech P. Attitudes and beliefs among patients treated with mood stabilizers. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2006;2:8.
186. Williams RA, Hollis HM, Benott K. Attitudes toward psychiatric medications among incarcerated female adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37:1301-7.
187. McIntyre K, Farrell M, David A. In-patient psychiatric care: the patient‘s view. Br J Med Psychol 1989;62:249-55.
188. Stevens J, Wang W, Fan L et al. Parental attitudes toward children’s use of antidepressants and psychotherapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:289-96.
189. Blenkiron P. Referral to a psychiatric clinic: what do patients expect? Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv 1998;11:188-92.
190. Ingham J. The public image of psychiatry. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1985;20:107-8.
191. Baumann M, Bonnetain F, Briancon S et al. Quality of life and attitudes towards psychotropics and dependency: consumers vs. non-consumers aged 50 and over. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:405-15.
192. Holzinger A, Löffler W, Matschinger H et al. Attitudes towards psychotropic drugs: schizophrenic patients vs. general public. Psychopharmakotherapie 2001;8:76-80.
193. van Dongen CJ. Is the treatment worse than the cure? Attitudes toward medications among persons with severe mental illness. JPsychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1997;35:21-5.
194. Wacker HR. Attitude of ambulatory psychiatric patients to psychopharmacologic treatment. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1991;142:77-88.
195. Irani F, Dankert M, Siegel SJ. Patient and family attitudes toward schizophrenia treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004;6:283-8.
196. La Roche C, Ernst K. The attitude of 200 hospitalized psychiatric patients and their doctors toward treatment. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1975;220:107-16.
197. Adams NH, Hafner RJ. Attitudes of psychiatric patients and their relatives to involuntary treatment. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1991;25:231-7.
198. Mezey AG, Syed IA. Psychiatric illness and attitudes to psychiatry among general hospital outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1975;10:133-8.
199. Gynther MD, Reznikoff M, Fishman M. Attitudes of psychiatric patients toward treatment, psychiatrists and mental hospitals. J Nerv Ment Dis 1963;136:68-71.
200. Yoash-Gantz RE, Gantz FE. Patient attitudes toward partial hospitalization and subsequent treatment outcome. Int J Partial Hosp 1987;4:145-55.
201. Isacson D, Bingefors K. Attitudes towards drugs – a survey in the general population. Pharm World Sci 2002;24:104-10.
202. Arshad M, Arham AZ, Arif M et al. Awareness and perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy among psychiatric patients: a crosssectional survey from teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry 2007:7:27.
203. Salize HJ, Dressing H. Coercion, involuntary treatment and quality of mental health care: is there any link? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:576-84.
204. Hillard JR, Folger R. Patients‘ attitudes and attributions to electroconvulsive shock therapy. J Clin Psychol 1977;33:855-61.
205. Spencer J. Psychiatry and convulsant therapy. Med J Australia 1977;1:844-7.
206. Goodman JA, Krahn LE, Smith GE et al. Patient satisfaction with electroconvulsive therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:967-71.
207. Pettinati HM, Tamburello TA, Ruetsch CR et al. Patient attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994;30:471-5.
208. Kerr RA, McGrath JJ, O’Kearney RT et al. ECT: misconceptions and attitudes. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1982;16:43-9.
209. Lauber C, Rössler W. Involuntary admission and the attitude of the general population, and mental health professionals. Psychiatr Prax 2007;34:181-5.
210. Kaltiala-Heino R. Involuntary psychiatric treatment: a range of patients’ attitudes. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1996;50:27-34.
211. Lauber C, Falcato L, Rössler W. Attitudes to compulsory admission in psychiatry. Lancet 2000;355:2080.
212. Kane JM, Quitkin F, Rifkin A et al. Attitudinal changes of involuntarily committed patients following treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:374-7.
213. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L et al. Public attitude to compulsory admission of mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:385-9.
214. Lucksted A, Coursey RD. Consumer perceptions of pressure and force in psychiatric treatments. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:146-52.
215. Morgan SL. Determinants of family treatment choice and satisfaction in psychiatric emergencies. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1990;60:96-107.
216. Schwartz HI, Vingiano W, Perez CB. Autonomy and the right to refuse treatment: patients’ attitudes after involuntary medication. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1988;39:1049-54.
217. Virit O, Ayar D, Savas HA et al. Patients’ and their relatives’ attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar disorder. J ECT 2007;23:255-9.
218. Pugh RL, Ackerman BJ, McColgan EB et al. Attitudes of adolescents toward adolescent psychiatric treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies 1994;3:351-63.
219. Sharf BF. Send in the clowns: the image of psychiatry during the Hinckley trial. Journal of Communication 1986;36:80-93.
220. Rottleb U, Steinberg H, Angermeyer MC. The image of psychiatry in the "Leipziger Volkszeitung" – historical longitudinal study. Psychiatr Prax 2007;34:269-75.
221. Maio G. Zum Bild der Psychiatrie im Film und dessen ethische Implikationen. In: Gaebel W, Möller H-J, Rössler W (eds). Stigma - Diskriminierung - Bewältigung, Der Umgang mit sozialer Ausgrenzung psychisch Kranker. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2005:99-121.
222. Steger F. From the person to an isolated case: Frank Schmökel in the discourses of power and stigmatization. Psychiatr Prax 2003;30:389-94.
223. Pupato K. Psychiatrie in den Medien. In: Gaebel W, Möller H-J, Rössler W (eds). Stigma - Diskriminierung - Bewältigung, Der Umgang mit sozialer Ausgrenzung psychisch Kranker. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2005:83-99.
224. Walter G. The psychiatrist in American cartoons, 1941-1990. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:167-72.
225. McDonald A, Walter G. Hollywood and ECT. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009;21:200-6.
226. Gabbard GO, Gabbard K. Cinematic stereotypes contributing to the stigmatization of psychiatrists. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:113-26.
227. Gabbard GO, Gabbard K. Psychiatry and the cinema, 2nd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
228. Butler JR, Hyler SE. Hollywood portrayals of child and adolescent mental health treatment: implications for clinical practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005;14:509-22.
229. Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC et al. Psychopharmacological drugs as represented in the press: results of a systematic analysis of newspapers and popular magazines. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:67-71.
230. Hoffmann-Richter U, Wick F, Alder B et al. Neuroleptics in the newspaper. A mass media analysis. Psychiatr Prax 1999;26:175-80.
231. Hoffmann-Richter U, Alder B, Finzen A. Electroconvulsive therapy and defibrillation in the paper. An analysis of the media. Nervenarzt 1998;69:622-8.
232. Hoffmann-Richter U. Psychiatry in print media. Information acquired through reading of the daily papers. Psychiatr Prax 2000;27:354-6.
233. Cuenca O. Mass media and psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2001;14:527-8.
234. Williams A, Cheyne A, Macdonald S. The public‘s knowledge of psychiatrists: questionnaire survey. Psychiatr Bull 2001;25:429-32.
235. Thumin FJ, Zebelman M. Psychology versus psychiatry: a study of public image. Am Psychol 1967;22:282-6.
236. Laux G. Common attitudes toward the psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Nervenarzt 1977;48:331-4.
237. Sharpley CE. Public perceptions of four mental health professions: a survey of knowledge and attitudes to psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers and counsellors. Aust Psychol 1986;21:57-67.
238. Vassiliou G, Vassiliou V. On the public image of the psychiatrist, the psychologist and the social worker in Athens. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1967;13:224-8.
239. Dichter H. The stigmatization of psychiatrists who work with chronically mentally ill persons. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:203-15.
240. Kovess-Masféty V, Saragoussi D, Sevilla-Dedieu C Et al. What makes people decide who to turn to when faced with a mental health problem? Results from a French Survey. BMC Public Health 2007:7:188.
241. Jorm AF, Blewitt KA, Griffiths KM et al. Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:9.
242. Perry BL, Pescosolido BA, Martin JK et al. Comparison of public attributions, attitudes, and stigma in regard to depression among children and adults. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:632-5.
243. Bayer JK, Peay MY. Predicting intentions to seek help from professional mental health services. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1997;31:504-13.
244. Fink PJ, Tasman A. Stigma and mental illness. The enigma of stigma and its relation to psychiatric education. Psychiatr Ann 1983;13:669-90.
245. Kourany RFC, LaBarbera JD, Martin JE. The image of the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry 1980;41:399.
246. Slater D, Hans VP. Public opinion of forensic psychiatry following the Hinckley verdict. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:675-9.
247. Hans VP, Slater D. John Hinckley, Jr. and the insanity defense: the public’s verdict. Public Opinion Quarterly 1983;47:202-12.
248. Farrell JL, Tisza SM. Forensic ethics – Suspension and other sanctions imposed on an Arizona state prosecutor who showed disrespect for and prejudice against mental health experts during trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2005;33:405-6.
249. Benedek EP, Selzer ML. Lawyers’ use of psychiatry: II. Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:435-6.
250. Hiday VA. Are lawyers enemies of psychiatrists? A survey of civil commitment counsel and judges. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:323-6.
251. Walter G. The stereotype of the mad psychiatrist. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1989;23:547-54.
252. von Sydow K, Reimer C. Attitudes toward psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts. Am J Psychother 1998;52:463-88.
253. Bruhn JG, Parsons O. A. Medical students attitudes towards four medical specialties. J Med Educ 1964;39:40-9.
254. Streit-Forest U, Laplante N. Probing further into the freshman medical students‘ attitudes toward "patient", "doctor-patient relation" and "psychiatrist". J Psychiatr Educ 1983;7:113-25.
255. Culshaw D, Clafferty R, Brown K. Let‘s get physical! A study of general practitioner‘s referral letters to general adult psychiatry – Are physical examination and investigation results included? Scott Med J 2008;53:7-8.
256. Dewan MJ, Levy BF, Donnelly MP. A positive view of psychiatrists and psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1988;29:523-31.
257. Cohen-Cole SA, Friedman CP. Attitudes of nonpsychiatric physicians toward psychiatric consultation. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1982;33:1002-5.
258. De-Nour AK. Attitudes of physicians in a general hospital towards psychiatric consultation service. Ment Health Soc 1979;5:215-23.
259. Schubert DS, Billowitz A, Gabinet L et al. Effect of liaison psychiatry on attitudes toward psychiatry, rate of consultation, and psychosocial documentation. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1989;11:77-87.
260. Doron A, Ma’oz B, Fennig S et al. Attitude of general practitioners towards psychiatric consultation in primary care clinic. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2003;40:90-5.
261. Barber R, Williams AS. Psychiatrists working in primary care: a survey of general practitioners attitude. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1996;30:278-86.
262. Bhugra D. Professionalism and psychiatry: the profession speaks. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;118:327-9.
263. Bryant SG, Guernsey BG, Pearce EL et al. Pharmacists’ perceptions of mental health care, psychiatrists, and mentally ill patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985;42:1366-9.
264. Kellett JM, Mezey AG. Attitudes to psychiatry in the general hospital. BMJ 1970;4:106-8.
265. Koeske GF, Koeske RD, Mallinger J. Perceptions of professional competence: cross-disciplinary ratings of psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1993;63:45-54.
266. Brink C. "Keine Angst vor Psychiatern". Psychiatry, critics of psychiatry and the public in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960-1980. Med Ges Gesch 2006;26:341-60.
267. Ryan CS, Robinson DR, Hausmann LR. Stereotyping among providers and consumers of public mental health services. The role of perceived group variability. Ther Behav Modif 2001;25:406-42.
268. Jungbauer J, Wittmund B, Angermeyer MC. Caregivers’ views of the treating psychiatrists: coping resource or additional burden? Psychiatr Prax 2002;29:279-84.
269. Morgan G. Why people are often reluctant to see a psychiatrist. Psychiatr Bull 2006;30:346-7.
270. Strehlow U, Piesiur-Strehlow B. On the image of child psychiatry amongst the people and the parents concerned. Acta Paedopsychiatrica 1989;52:89-100.
271. Myers JM. The image of the psychiatrist. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:323-8.
272. Redlich FC. The psychiatrist in caricature: an analysis of unconscious attitudes toward psychiatry. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1950;20:560-71.
273. Schneider I. The theory and practice of movie psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:996-1002.
274. Gharaibeh NM. The psychiatrist‘s image in commercially available American movies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;114:316-9.
275. Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2004:15:23.
276. Wolff G, Pathare S, Craig T et al. Public education for community care. A new approach. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:441-7.
277. Battaglia J, Coverdale JH, Bushong CP. Evaluation of a mental illness awareness week program in public schools. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:324-9.
278. Stuart H. Media portrayal of mental illness and its treatments: what effect does it have on people with mental illness? CNS Drugs 2006;20:99-106.
279. Kutner L, Beresin EV. Media training for psychiatry residents. Acad Psychiatry 1999;23:227-32.
280. Coodin S, Chisholm F. Teaching in a new key: effects of a cotaught seminar on medical students‘ attitudes toward schizophrenia. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2001;24:299-302.
281. Persaud R. Psychiatrists suffer from stigma, too. Psychiatr Bull 2000;24:284-5.
282. Stotland NL. Psychiatry, the law, and public affairs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1998;26:281-7.
283. Lamontagne Y. The public image of psychiatrists. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:693-5.
284. Felix RH. The image of the psychiatrist: past, present and future. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:318-22.
285. Davidson HA. The image of the psychiatrist. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:329-34.
286. Bhugra D. Psychiatric training in the UK: the next steps. World Psychiatry 2008;7:117-8.
287. Ajiboye PO. Consultation-liaison psychiatry: the past and the present. Afr J Med Med Sci 2007;36:201-5.
288. Kearney TR. The status and usefulness of the psychiatrist. Dis Nerv Syst 1961;22:6979.
289. Spiessl H, Cording C. Collaboration of the general practitioner and the psychiatrist with the psychiatric hospital. A literature review. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2000;68:206-15.
290. Gaebel W, Zäske H, Baumann AE et al. Evaluation of the German WPA "Program against stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia - Open the doors": results from representative telephone surveys before and after three years of antistigma interventions. Schizophr Res 2008;98:184-93.
291. Sartorius N, Schulze H. Reducing the stigma of mental illness: a report from a Global Programme of the World Psychiatric Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
292. Aichberger M, Sartorius N. Annotated bibliography of selected publications and other materials related to stigma and discrimination. An update for the years 2002 to 2006. Geneva: World Psychiatric Association Global Programme to Reduce the Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia, 2006.
293. Pickenhagen A, Sartorius N. Annotated bibliography of selected publications and other materials related to stigma and discrimination because of mental illness and intervention programmes fighting it. Geneva: World Psychiatric Association Global Programme to Reduce the Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia, 2002.
2. Maj M. The WPA Action Plan is in progress. World Psychiatry 2009;8:65-6.
3. Stuart H. Fighting the stigma caused by mental disorders: past perspectives, present activities, and future directions. World Psychiatry 2008;7:185-8.
4. Angermeyer MC. Public image of psychiatry. Results of a representative poll in the new federal states of Germany. Psychiatrische Praxis 2000;27:327-9.
5. Gibson R. The psychiatric hospital and reduction of stigma. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:185-8.
6. Redlich FC. What the citizen knows about psychiatry. Ment. Hyg. 1950;34:64-79.
7. Weinstein RM. Attitudes toward psychiatric treatment among hospitalized patients: a review of quantitative research. Soc. Sci. Med. 1981;15:301-14.
8. Borinstein AB. Public attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Health Affairs 1992;11:186-96.
9. Arens DA. What do the neighbors think now? Community residences on Long Island in New York. Commun. Ment. Health J. 1993;29:235-45.
10. Dear M. Understanding and overcoming the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of the American Planning Association 1992;58:288-300.
11. Lauber C, Nordt C, Haker H. et al. Community psychiatry: results of a public opinion survey. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2006;52:234-42.
12. Takahashi LM. Information and attitudes toward mental health care facilities: implications for addressing the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of Planning Education and Research 1997;17:119-30.
13. Kobau R, Dilorio C, Chapman D et al. Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma. Commun. Ment. Health J. 2010;46:164-76.
14. Flaskerud JH, Kviz FJ. Rural attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness and treatment resources. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1983;34:229-33.
15. Yang LH, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma and beliefs of efficacy towards traditional Chinese medicine and Western psychiatric treatment among Chinese-Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2008;14:10-8.
16. Hamre P, Dahl AA, Malt UF. Public attitudes to the quality of psychiatric treatment, psychiatric patients, and prevalence of mental disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1994;48:275-81.
17. Schnittker J. Misgivings of medicine?: African Americans’ skepticism of psychiatric medication. J Health Soc Behav 2003;44:506-24.
18. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Mehta N. Discrimination against people with mental illness: what can psychiatrists do? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2010;16:53-9.
19. Britten N. Psychiatry, stigma, and resistance. Psychiatrists need to concentrate on understanding, not simply compliance. BMJ 1998;317:963-4.
20. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L et al. Lay recommendations on how to treat mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:553-6.
21. De Toledo Piza Peluso È, Luìs Blay S. Public beliefs about the treatment of schizophrenia and depression in Brazil. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2009;55:16-27.
22. Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF. Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study. BMC Public Health 2009;9:1-20.
23. Angermeyer MC, Breier P, Dietrich S et al. Public attitudes toward psychiatric treatment. An international comparison. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:855-64.
24. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Public attitude towards psychiatric treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:326-36.
25. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG. Whom to ask for help in case of a mental disorder? Preferences of the lay public. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999;34:202-10.
26. Noble LM, Douglas BC, Newman SP. What do patients expect of psychiatric services? A systematic and critical review of empirical studies. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:985-98.
27. Angermeyer MC, Holzinger A, Matschinger H. Mental health literacy and attitude towards people with mental illness: a trend analysis based on population surveys in the eastern part of Germany. Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:225-32.
28. Dahlberg KM, Waern M, Runeson B. Mental health literacy and attitudes in a Swedish community sample – investigating the role of personal experience of mental health care. BMC Public Health, 2008;8:1-10.
29. Lasoski MC. Attitudes of the elderly toward mental health treatment strategies. Dissertation Abstracts International 1984;44:2248b.
30. Hugo CJ, Boshoff DEL, Traut A et al. Community attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness in South Africa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38:715-9.
31. Ozmen E, Ogel K, Aker T et al. Public opinions and beliefs about the treatment of depression in urban Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40;869-76.
32. Lazaratou H, Anagnostopoulos DC, Alevizos EV et al. Parental attitudes and opinions on the use of psychotropic medication in mental disorders of childhood. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007,6:1-7.
33. Zoellner LA, Feeny NC, Cochran B et al. Treatment choice for PTSD. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:879-86.
34. Stones CR. Attitudes toward psychology, psychiatry and mental illness in the Central Eastern Cape of South Africa. South Afr J Psychol 1996;26:221-5.
35. Wagner AW, Bystritsky A, Russo JE et al. Beliefs about psychotropic medication and psychotherapy among primary care patients with anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2005;21:99-105.
36. Givens JL, Katz IR, Bellamy S et al. Stigma and the acceptability of depression treatments among African Americans and Whites. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1292-7.
37. Ineland L, Jacobssson L, Renberg ES et al. Attitudes towards mental disorders and psychiatric treatment – changes over time in a Swedish population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2008;62:192-7.
38. Jorm AF. Mental health literacy: public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:396-401.
39. Benkert O, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hillert A et al. Public opinion on psychotropic drugs: an analysis of the factors influencing acceptance or rejection. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:151-8.
40. De Las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ. Attitudes toward psychiatric drug treatment: the experience of being treated. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:1063-7.
41. Croghan TW, Tomlin M, Pescosolido BA et al. American attitudes toward and willingness to use psychiatric medications. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003;191:166-74.
42. Hegerl U, Althaus D, Stefanek J. Public attitudes towards treatment of depression: effects of an information campaign. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36:288-91.
43. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Demyttenaere K et al. Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients’ attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants. Psychol Med 2005;35:1205-13.
44. Angermeyer MC, Held T, Görtler D. Pro and contra: psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy attitude of the public. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1993;43:286-92.
45. Pescosolido BA, Perry BL, Martin JK et al. Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about treatment and psychiatric medications for children with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:613-8.
46. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Have there been any changes in the public’s attitudes towards psychiatric treatment? Results from representative population surveys in Germany in the years 1990 and 2001. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:68-73.
47. Akighir A. Traditional and modern psychiatry: a survey of opinions and beliefs amongst people in plateau state, Nigeria. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1982;28:203-9.
48. Alem A, Jacobsson L, Hanlon C. Community-based mental health care in Africa: mental health workers’ views. World Psychiatry 2008;7:54-7.
49. Balon R, Gregory R, Franchini MD et al. Medical students’ attitudes and views of psychiatry: 15 years later. Acad Psychiatry 1999;23:30-6.
50. Caldera T, Kullgren G. Attitudes to psychiatry among Swedish and Nicaraguan medical students: a cross-cultural study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1994;48:271-4.
51. Bulbena A, Pailhez G, Coll J et al. Changes in the attitudes towards psychiatry among Spanish medical students during training in psychiatry. Eur J Psychiatry 2005;19:79-87.
52. Creed F, Goldberg D. Students’ attitudes towards psychiatry. Med Educ 2009;21:227-34.
53. Lau AY, Offord DR. A study of student attitudes toward a psychiatric clerkship. J Ass Am Med Coll 1976;51:919-28.
54. Maxmen JS. Student attitude changes during "psychiatric medicine" clerkships. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1979;1:98-103.
55. McParland M, Noble LM, Livingston G et al. The effect of a psychiatric attachment on students’ attitudes to and intention to pursue psychiatry as a career. Med Educ 2003;37:447-54.
56. McParland M, Noble LM, Livingston G. The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in undergraduate psychology. Med Educ 2004;38:859-67.
57. Balon R. Does a clerkship in psychiatry affect medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry? Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:73-5.
58. Brook P, Ingleby D, Wakeford R. Students’ attitudes to psychiatry: a study of first- and final-year clinical students’ attitudes in six medical schools. J Psychiatr Educ 1986;10:151-69.
59. Shelley RK, Webb MG. Does clinical clerkship alter students’ attitudes to a career choice of psychiatry? Med Educ 1986;20:330-4.
60. Augoustinos M, Schrader G, Chynoweth R et al. Medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry: a conceptual shift. Psychol Med 1985;15:671-8.
61. Burch EA, Smeltzer DJ, Chestnut EC. Tutorial teaching of psychiatry – effects on test-scores, attitudes, and career choices of medical students. J Psychiatr Educ 1984;8:127-35.
62. Chung MC, Prasher VP. Differences in attitudes among medical students towards psychiatry in one English university. Psychol Rep 1995;77:843-7.
63. Das MP, Chandrasena RD. Medical students’ attitude towards psychiatry. Can J Psychiatry 1988;33:783-7.
64. Holm-Petersen C, Vinge S, Hansen J et al. The impact of contact with psychiatry on senior medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;33:308-11.
65. Moos RH, Yalom ID. Medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatrists. Ment Hyg 1966;50:246-56.
66. Oldham JM, Sacks MH, Nininger JE et al. Medical students’ learning as primary therapists or as participant/observers in a psychiatric clerkship. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1615-8.
67. Singh SP, Baxter H, Standen P et al. Changing the attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards mental illness and psychiatry: a comparison of two teaching methods. Med Educ 1998;32:115-20.
68. Sloan D, Browne S, Meagher D et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among Irish final year medical students. Eur Psychiatry 1996; 11:407-11.
69. Wilkinson DG, Greer S, Toone BK. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Psychol Med 1983;13:185-92.
70. Wilkinson DG, Toone BK, Greer S. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry at the end of the clinical curriculum. Psychol Med 1983;13:655-8.
71. Reddy JP, Tan SM, Azmi MT et al. The effect of a clinical posting in psychiatry on the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry and mental illness in a Malaysian medical school. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005;34:505-10.
72. Baxter H, Singh SP, Standen P et al. The attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards mental illness and psychiatry: changes during the final undergraduate year. Med Educ 2001;35:381-3.
73. Burra P, Kalin R, Leichner P et al. The ATP 30 – a scale for measuring medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Med Educ 1982;16:31-8.
74. Sivakumar K, Wilkinson G, Toone BK et al. Attitudes to psychiatry in doctors at the end of their first post-graduate year: two-year follow-up of a cohort of medical students. Psychol Med 1986;16:457-60.
75. Araya RI, Jadresic E, Wilkinson G. Medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry in Chile. Med Educ 1992;26:153-6.
76. Agbayewa MO, Leichner PP. Effects of a psychiatric rotation on psychiatric knowledge and attitudes towards psychiatry in rotating interns. Can J Psychiatry 1985;30:602-4.
77. Fischel T, Manna H, Krivoy A et al. Does a clerkship in psychiatry contribute to changing medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry? Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:147-50.
78. Galletly CA, Schrader GD, Chestemtan HM et al. Medical student attitudes to psychiatry: lack of effect of psychiatric hospital experience. Med Educ 1995;29:449-51.
79. Guttmann F, Rosca-Rebaudengo P, Davis H. Changes in attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry: an evaluation of a clerkship in psychiatry. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1996;33:158-66.
80. Kuhnigk O, Strebel B, Schilauske J et al. Attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry: effects of training, courses in psychiatry, psychiatric experience and gender. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2007;12:87-101.
81. Muga F, Hagali M. What do final year medical students at the University of Papua New Guinea think of psychiatry. PNG Med J 2006;49:126-36.
82. Tharyan P, John T, Tharyan A et al. Attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards psychiatry and mental illness. National Medical Journal of India 2001;14:355-9.
83. Bobo WV, Nevin R, Greene E et al. The effect of psychiatric third year rotation setting on academic performance, student attitudes, and specialty choice. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:105-11.
84. Alexander DA, Eagles JM. Changes in attitudes towards psychiatry among medical students: correlation of attitude shift with academic performance. Med Educ 1990;24:452-60.
85. Maidment R, Livingston G, Katona C et al. Change in attitudes to psychiatry and intention to pursue psychiatry as a career in newly qualified doctors: a follow-up of two cohorts of medical students. Med Teach 2004;26:565-9.
86. Ndetei DM, Khasakhala L, Ongecha-Owuor F et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry: a survey of medical students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:154-9.
87. Niaz U, Hassan S, Hussain H et al. Attitudes towards psychiatry in pre-clinical and post-clinical clerkships in different medical colleges of Karachi. Pak J Med Sci 2003;19:253-63.
88. Niedermier JA, Bornstein R, Brandemihl A. The junior medical student psychiatry clerkship: curriculum, attitudes, and test performance. Acad Psychiatry 2006;30:136-43.
89. Rao NR, Meinzer AE, Manley M et al. International medical students’ career choice, attitudes toward psychiatry, and emigration to the United States: examples from India and Zimbabwe. Acad Psychiatry 1998;22:117-26.
90. O’Flaherty AF. Students’ attitudes to psychiatry. Irish Med J 1977;70:162-3.
91. Soufi HE, Raoof AM. Attitude of medical students towards psychiatry. Med Educ 1991;26:38-41.
92. Abramowitz MZ, Bentov-Gofrit D. The attitudes of Israeli medical students toward residency in psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:92-5.
93. Berman I, Merson A, Berman SM et al. Psychiatrists’ attitudes toward psychiatry. Acad Med 1996;71:110-1.
94. Buchanan A, Bhugra D. Attitude of the medical profession to psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:1-5.
95. Compton MT, Frank E, Elon L et al. Changes in U.S. medical students’ specialty interests over the course of medical school. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:1095-100.
96. Eagle PF, Marcos LR. Factors in medical students’ choice of psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:423-7.
97. Furnham AF. Medical students’ beliefs about nine different specialties. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:1607-10.
98. Gat I, Abramowitz MZ, Bentov-Gofrit D et al. Changes in the attitudes of Israeli students at the Hebrew University Medical School toward residency in psychiatry: a cohort study. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2007;44:194-203.
99. Koh KB. Medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry in a Korean medical college. Yonsei Medical Journal 1990;31:60-4.
100. Laugharne R, Appiah-Poku J, Laugharne J et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among final-year medical students in Kumasi, Ghana. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:71-5.
101. Malhi GS, Parker GB, Parker K et al. Shrinking away from psychiatry? A survey of Australian medical students’ interest in psychiatry. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2002;36:416-23.
102. Monro AB. The status of psychiatry in the National Health Service. Am J Psychiatry 1969;125:1223-6.
103. Neff JA, McFall SL, Cleaveland TD. Psychiatry and medicine in the US: interpreting trends in medical specialty choice. Sociol Health Illn 1987;9:45-61.
104. Pailhez G, Bulbena A, Coll J et al. Attitudes and views on psychiatry: a comparison between Spanish and U.S. medical students. Acad Psychiatry 2005;29:82-91.
105. Rosoff SM, Leone MC. The public prestige of medical specialties: overviews and undercurrents. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:321-6.
106. Singer P, Dornbush RL, Brownstein EJ et al. Undergraduate psychiatric education and attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:14-20.
107. von Sydow K. Das Image von Psychologen, Psychotherapeuten und Psychiatern in der Öffentlichkeit. Psychotherapeut 2007;52:322-33.
108. Yager J, Lamotte K, Nielsen A III et al. Medical students’ evaluation of psychiatry: a cross-country comparison. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1003-9.
109. Wigney T, Parker G. Factors encouraging medical students to a career in psychiatry: qualitative analysis. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2008;42:520-5.
110. Lee EK, Kaltreider N, Crouch J. Pilot study of current factors influencing the choice of psychiatry as a specialty. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1066-9.
111. Creed F, Goldberg D. Doctors’ interest in psychiatry as a career. Med Educ 1987;21:235-43.
112. Holmes D, Tmuuliel-Berhalter LM, Zayas LE et al. "Bashing" of medical specialities: student’s experiences and recommendation. Fam Med 2008;40:400-6.
113. Ghadirian AM, Engelsmann F. Medical students’ interest in and attitudes toward psychiatry. J Med Educ 1981;56:361-2.
114. Samuel-Lajeunesse B, Ichou P. French medical students’ opinion of psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1462-6.
115. Calvert SH, Sharpe M, Power M et al. Does undergraduate education have an effect on Edinburgh medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry and psychiatric patients? J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:757-61.
116. Feifel D, Moutier CY, Swerdlow NR. Attitudes toward psychiatry as a prospective career among students entering medical school. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1397-402.
117. Malhi GS, Parker GB, Parker K et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among students entering medical school. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:424-9.
118. Maidment R, Livingston G, Katona M et al. Carry on shrinking: Career intentions and attitudes to psychiatry of prospective medical students. Psychiatr Bull 2003;27:30-2.
119. Yellowlees P, Vizard T, Eden J. Australian medical students’ attitudes towards specialties and specialists. Med J Australia 1990;152:587-8, 591-2.
120. Cutler JL, Harding KJ, Mozian SA et al. Discrediting the notion "working with ‘crazies’ will make you ‘crazy’": addressing stigma and enhancing empathy in medical student education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2009;14:487-502.
121. Cutler JL, Alspector SL, Harding KJ et al. Medical students’ perceptions of psychiatry as a career choice. Acad Psychiatry 2006;30:144-9.
122. Garfinkel PE, Dorian BJ. Psychiatry in the new millennium. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:40-7.
123. Martin VL, Bennett DS, Pitale M. Medical students’ interest in child psychiatry: a clerkship intervention. Acad Psychiatry 2007;31:225-7.
124. Syed EU, Siddiqi MN, Dogar I et al. Attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards psychiatry as a prospective career: a survey. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:160-4.
125. Byrne P. Challenging healthcare discrimination. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2010;16:60-2.
126. Stoudemire A. Quo vadis, psychiatry? Problems and potential for the future of medical student education in psychiatry. Psychosomatics 2000;41:204-9.
127. Wigney T, Parker G. Medical student observations on a career in psychiatry. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 2007;41:726-31.
128. Arboleda-Flórez J. Considerations on the stigma of mental illness. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:645-50.
129. Arboleda-Flórez J. Mental illness and human rights. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008;21:479-84.
130. Strebel B, Obladen M, Lehmann E et al. Attitude of medical students to psychiatry. A study with the German translated, expanded version of the ATP-30. Nervenarzt 2000;71:205-12.
131. Akinyinka OO, Ohaeri JU, Asuzu MC. Beliefs and attitudes of clinical year students concerning medical specialties: an Ibadan medical school study. Afr J Med Sci 1992;21:89-99.
132. Al-Adawi S, Dorvlo AS, Bhaya C et al. Withering before the sowing? A survey of Oman’s ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ interest in Psychiatry. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2008;21:117.
133. Brockington I, Mumford D. Recruitment into psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:307-12.
134. Herran A, Carrera M, Andres A et al. Attitudes toward psychiatry among medical students – factors associated to selection of psychiatry as a career. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16:563.
135. Maric´ NP, Stojiljkovic´ DJ, Milekic´ B et al. How medical students in their pre-clinical year perceive psychiatry as a career: the study from Belgrade. Psychiatr Danub 2009;21:206-12.
136. Lambert TW, Turner G, Fazel S et al. Reasons why some UK medical graduates who initially choose psychiatry do not pursue it as a long-term career. Psychol Med 2006;36:679-84.
137. West ND, Walsh MA. Psychiatry’s image today: results of an attitudinal survey. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:1318-9.
138. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:4-12.
139. van Os J. ‘Salience syndrome’ replaces ‘schizophrenia’ in DSM-V and ICD-11: psychiatry’s evidence-based entry into the 21st century? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;120:363-72.
140. Summerfield D. Depression: epidemic or pseudo-epidemic? J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:161-2.
141. Alarcon RD. Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections. World Psychiatry 2009;8:131-9.
142. Katschnig H. Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry 2010;9:21-8.
143. Nielsen AC III, Eaton JS Jr. Medical students’ attitudes about psychiatry. Implications for psychiatric recruitment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:1144-54.
144. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Sandmann J et al. Die Einstellung von Medizinstudenten zur Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka., Teil 1: Vergleich zwischen Medizinstudenten und Allgemeinbevölkerung. Psychiatr Prax 1994;21:58-63.
145. Hillert A, Sandmann J, Angermeyer MC et al. Attitude of medical students to treatment with psychotropic drugs. 2: Change in attitude in the course of medical education. Psychiatr Prax 1994;21:64-9.
146. Linden M, Becker S. Attitudes and beliefs of medical and psychology students with regard to treatment with psycholtropic drugs. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1984;52:362-9.
147. Strebel B, Kuhnigk O, Jüptner M et al. Attitudes of medical students toward psychotherapy as a function of the academic semester, gender and prior experience with psychiatry and psychotherapy. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2003;54:184.
148. Walter G, McDonald A, Rey JM et al. Medical student knowledge and attitudes regarding ECT prior to and after viewing ECT scenes from movies. J ECT 2002;18:43-6.
149. Clothier JL, Freeman T, Snow L. Medical student attitudes and knowledge about ECT. J ECT 2001;17:99-101.
150. Gazdag G, Kocsis-Ficzere N, Tolna J. Hungarian medical students’ knowledge about and attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2005;21:96-9.
151. James BO, Omoaregba JO, Olotu OS. Nigerian medical students attitudes to unmodified electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2009;25:186-9.
152. Abbas M, Mashrai N, Mohanna M. Knowledge of and attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy of medical students in the United Kingdom, Egypt, and Iraq: a transcultural perspective. J ECT 2007;23:260-4.
153. Gazdag G, Sebestyén G, Ungvari GS et al. Impact on psychiatric interns of watching live electroconvulsive treatment. Acad Psychiatry 2009;33:152-6.
154. Kinnair D, Dawson S, Perera R. Electroconvulsive therapy: medical students’ attitudes and knowledge. The Psychiatrist 2010;34:54-7.
155. Link B, Levav I, Cohen A. The primary medical care practitioner’s attitudes toward psychiatry. An Israeli study. Soc Sci Med 1982;16:1413-20.
156. Meise U, Günther V. Einstellungen von Ärzten zur Psychiatrie. Neuropsychiatrie 1995;Bd.9:157-62.
157. Pro JD, Fortin D. Physicians and psychiatry: physicians‘ attitudes toward psychiatry. J Kans Med Soc 1973;74:367-8.
158. Blumberg P, Flaherty JA. Faculty perceptions of their own speciality. J Med Educ 1982;57:338-9.
159. Rettenbacher MA, Burns T, Kemmler G et al. Schizophrenia: attitudes of patients and professional carers towards the illness and antipsychotic medication. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004;37:103-9.
160. Spießl H, Riederer C, Fichtner KH. Attitudes towards psychiatry – Changing attitudes by working on psychiatric wards. Krankenhauspsychiatrie 2005;16:13-7.
161. Toomey LC, Reznikoff M, Brady JP et al. Attitudes of nursing students toward psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1961;45:589-602.
162. Harding AV. Nurses‘ attitudes to psychiatric treatment. Australasian Nurses Journal 1980;9:28-30.
163. Clarke L. The effects of training and social orientation on attitudes towards psychiatric treatments. J Adv Nurs 1989;14:485-93.
164. Bergman S. Nursing attitudes to psychiatry and geriatrics as preferred work areas with deviant groups. Isr Ann Psychiatry Rel Disc 1974;12:156-60.
165. Reznikoff M. Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides toward psychiatric treatment and hospitals. Ment Hyg 1963;47:360-4.
166. Wood JH, Chambers M, White SJ. Nurses‘ knowledge of and attitude to electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2007;23:251-4.
167. Einat H, George A. Positive attitude change toward psychiatry in pharmacy students following an active learning psychopharmacology course. Acad Psychiatry 2008;32:515-7.
168. Patel MX, De Zoysa N, Baker D et al. Antipsychotic depot medication and attitudes of community psychiatric nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2005;12:237-44.
169. Patel MX, Yeung FK, Haddad PM et al. Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes to antipsychotic depots in Hong Kong and comparison with London. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:758-66.
170. Mbatia J, Shah A, Jenkins R. Knowledge, attitudes and practice pertaining to depression among primary health care workers in Tanzania. Int J Ment Health Syst 2009;3:5.
171. Bentley KJ, Farmer RL, Phillips ME. Student knowledge of and attitudes toward psychotropic drugs. Journal of Social Work Education 1991l;27:279-89.
172. Berg WE, Wallace M. Effect of treatment setting on social workers’ knowledge of psychotropic drugs. Health Soc Work 1987;12:144-52.
173. Moses T, Kirk SA. Social workers’ attitudes about psychotropic drug treatment with youths. Soc Work 2006;51:211-22.
174. Gass JP. The knowledge and attitudes of mental health nurses to electro-convulsive therapy. J Adv Nurs 1998;27:83-90.
175. Bowers L, Alexander J, Simpson A et al. Cultures of psychiatry and the professional socialization process: the case of containment methods for disturbed patients. Nurse Educ Today 2004;24:435-42.
176. Waggoner RW, Waggoner RW Jr. Psychiatry’s image, issues, and responsibility. Psychiatric Hospital 1983;14:34-8.
177. Ben-Noun L. Characterization of patients refusing professional psychiatric treatment in a primary care clinic. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1996;33:167-74.
178. Richardson LA. Seeking and obtaining mental health services: what do parents expect? Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2001;15:223-31.
179. Thorens G, Gex-Fabry M, Zullino DF et al. Attitudes toward psychopharmacology among hospitalized patients from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:55.
180. Balch P, Ireland JF, McWilliams SA et al. Client evaluation of community mental health services: relation to demographic and treatment variables. Am J Commun Psychol 1977;5:243-7.
181. Leaf PJ, Bruce ML, Tischler GL et al. The relationship between demographic factors and attitudes toward mental health services. J Commun Psychol 1987;15:275-84.
182. Skuse DH. Attitudes to the psychiatric outpatient clinic. BMJ 1975;3:469-71.
183. Chakraborty K, Avasthi A, Kumar S et al. Attitudes and beliefs of patients of first episode depression towards antidepressants and their adherence to treatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009;44:482-8.
184. Givens JL, Datto CJ, Ruckdeschel K et al. Older patients‘ aversion to antidepressants. A qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:146-51.
185. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Bech P. Attitudes and beliefs among patients treated with mood stabilizers. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2006;2:8.
186. Williams RA, Hollis HM, Benott K. Attitudes toward psychiatric medications among incarcerated female adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37:1301-7.
187. McIntyre K, Farrell M, David A. In-patient psychiatric care: the patient‘s view. Br J Med Psychol 1989;62:249-55.
188. Stevens J, Wang W, Fan L et al. Parental attitudes toward children’s use of antidepressants and psychotherapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:289-96.
189. Blenkiron P. Referral to a psychiatric clinic: what do patients expect? Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv 1998;11:188-92.
190. Ingham J. The public image of psychiatry. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1985;20:107-8.
191. Baumann M, Bonnetain F, Briancon S et al. Quality of life and attitudes towards psychotropics and dependency: consumers vs. non-consumers aged 50 and over. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:405-15.
192. Holzinger A, Löffler W, Matschinger H et al. Attitudes towards psychotropic drugs: schizophrenic patients vs. general public. Psychopharmakotherapie 2001;8:76-80.
193. van Dongen CJ. Is the treatment worse than the cure? Attitudes toward medications among persons with severe mental illness. JPsychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1997;35:21-5.
194. Wacker HR. Attitude of ambulatory psychiatric patients to psychopharmacologic treatment. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1991;142:77-88.
195. Irani F, Dankert M, Siegel SJ. Patient and family attitudes toward schizophrenia treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004;6:283-8.
196. La Roche C, Ernst K. The attitude of 200 hospitalized psychiatric patients and their doctors toward treatment. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1975;220:107-16.
197. Adams NH, Hafner RJ. Attitudes of psychiatric patients and their relatives to involuntary treatment. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1991;25:231-7.
198. Mezey AG, Syed IA. Psychiatric illness and attitudes to psychiatry among general hospital outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1975;10:133-8.
199. Gynther MD, Reznikoff M, Fishman M. Attitudes of psychiatric patients toward treatment, psychiatrists and mental hospitals. J Nerv Ment Dis 1963;136:68-71.
200. Yoash-Gantz RE, Gantz FE. Patient attitudes toward partial hospitalization and subsequent treatment outcome. Int J Partial Hosp 1987;4:145-55.
201. Isacson D, Bingefors K. Attitudes towards drugs – a survey in the general population. Pharm World Sci 2002;24:104-10.
202. Arshad M, Arham AZ, Arif M et al. Awareness and perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy among psychiatric patients: a crosssectional survey from teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry 2007:7:27.
203. Salize HJ, Dressing H. Coercion, involuntary treatment and quality of mental health care: is there any link? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:576-84.
204. Hillard JR, Folger R. Patients‘ attitudes and attributions to electroconvulsive shock therapy. J Clin Psychol 1977;33:855-61.
205. Spencer J. Psychiatry and convulsant therapy. Med J Australia 1977;1:844-7.
206. Goodman JA, Krahn LE, Smith GE et al. Patient satisfaction with electroconvulsive therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:967-71.
207. Pettinati HM, Tamburello TA, Ruetsch CR et al. Patient attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994;30:471-5.
208. Kerr RA, McGrath JJ, O’Kearney RT et al. ECT: misconceptions and attitudes. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1982;16:43-9.
209. Lauber C, Rössler W. Involuntary admission and the attitude of the general population, and mental health professionals. Psychiatr Prax 2007;34:181-5.
210. Kaltiala-Heino R. Involuntary psychiatric treatment: a range of patients’ attitudes. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1996;50:27-34.
211. Lauber C, Falcato L, Rössler W. Attitudes to compulsory admission in psychiatry. Lancet 2000;355:2080.
212. Kane JM, Quitkin F, Rifkin A et al. Attitudinal changes of involuntarily committed patients following treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:374-7.
213. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L et al. Public attitude to compulsory admission of mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:385-9.
214. Lucksted A, Coursey RD. Consumer perceptions of pressure and force in psychiatric treatments. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:146-52.
215. Morgan SL. Determinants of family treatment choice and satisfaction in psychiatric emergencies. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1990;60:96-107.
216. Schwartz HI, Vingiano W, Perez CB. Autonomy and the right to refuse treatment: patients’ attitudes after involuntary medication. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1988;39:1049-54.
217. Virit O, Ayar D, Savas HA et al. Patients’ and their relatives’ attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar disorder. J ECT 2007;23:255-9.
218. Pugh RL, Ackerman BJ, McColgan EB et al. Attitudes of adolescents toward adolescent psychiatric treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies 1994;3:351-63.
219. Sharf BF. Send in the clowns: the image of psychiatry during the Hinckley trial. Journal of Communication 1986;36:80-93.
220. Rottleb U, Steinberg H, Angermeyer MC. The image of psychiatry in the "Leipziger Volkszeitung" – historical longitudinal study. Psychiatr Prax 2007;34:269-75.
221. Maio G. Zum Bild der Psychiatrie im Film und dessen ethische Implikationen. In: Gaebel W, Möller H-J, Rössler W (eds). Stigma - Diskriminierung - Bewältigung, Der Umgang mit sozialer Ausgrenzung psychisch Kranker. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2005:99-121.
222. Steger F. From the person to an isolated case: Frank Schmökel in the discourses of power and stigmatization. Psychiatr Prax 2003;30:389-94.
223. Pupato K. Psychiatrie in den Medien. In: Gaebel W, Möller H-J, Rössler W (eds). Stigma - Diskriminierung - Bewältigung, Der Umgang mit sozialer Ausgrenzung psychisch Kranker. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2005:83-99.
224. Walter G. The psychiatrist in American cartoons, 1941-1990. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:167-72.
225. McDonald A, Walter G. Hollywood and ECT. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009;21:200-6.
226. Gabbard GO, Gabbard K. Cinematic stereotypes contributing to the stigmatization of psychiatrists. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:113-26.
227. Gabbard GO, Gabbard K. Psychiatry and the cinema, 2nd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
228. Butler JR, Hyler SE. Hollywood portrayals of child and adolescent mental health treatment: implications for clinical practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005;14:509-22.
229. Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC et al. Psychopharmacological drugs as represented in the press: results of a systematic analysis of newspapers and popular magazines. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:67-71.
230. Hoffmann-Richter U, Wick F, Alder B et al. Neuroleptics in the newspaper. A mass media analysis. Psychiatr Prax 1999;26:175-80.
231. Hoffmann-Richter U, Alder B, Finzen A. Electroconvulsive therapy and defibrillation in the paper. An analysis of the media. Nervenarzt 1998;69:622-8.
232. Hoffmann-Richter U. Psychiatry in print media. Information acquired through reading of the daily papers. Psychiatr Prax 2000;27:354-6.
233. Cuenca O. Mass media and psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2001;14:527-8.
234. Williams A, Cheyne A, Macdonald S. The public‘s knowledge of psychiatrists: questionnaire survey. Psychiatr Bull 2001;25:429-32.
235. Thumin FJ, Zebelman M. Psychology versus psychiatry: a study of public image. Am Psychol 1967;22:282-6.
236. Laux G. Common attitudes toward the psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Nervenarzt 1977;48:331-4.
237. Sharpley CE. Public perceptions of four mental health professions: a survey of knowledge and attitudes to psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers and counsellors. Aust Psychol 1986;21:57-67.
238. Vassiliou G, Vassiliou V. On the public image of the psychiatrist, the psychologist and the social worker in Athens. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1967;13:224-8.
239. Dichter H. The stigmatization of psychiatrists who work with chronically mentally ill persons. In: Fink PJ, Tasman A (eds). Stigma and mental illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1992:203-15.
240. Kovess-Masféty V, Saragoussi D, Sevilla-Dedieu C Et al. What makes people decide who to turn to when faced with a mental health problem? Results from a French Survey. BMC Public Health 2007:7:188.
241. Jorm AF, Blewitt KA, Griffiths KM et al. Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:9.
242. Perry BL, Pescosolido BA, Martin JK et al. Comparison of public attributions, attitudes, and stigma in regard to depression among children and adults. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:632-5.
243. Bayer JK, Peay MY. Predicting intentions to seek help from professional mental health services. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1997;31:504-13.
244. Fink PJ, Tasman A. Stigma and mental illness. The enigma of stigma and its relation to psychiatric education. Psychiatr Ann 1983;13:669-90.
245. Kourany RFC, LaBarbera JD, Martin JE. The image of the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry 1980;41:399.
246. Slater D, Hans VP. Public opinion of forensic psychiatry following the Hinckley verdict. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:675-9.
247. Hans VP, Slater D. John Hinckley, Jr. and the insanity defense: the public’s verdict. Public Opinion Quarterly 1983;47:202-12.
248. Farrell JL, Tisza SM. Forensic ethics – Suspension and other sanctions imposed on an Arizona state prosecutor who showed disrespect for and prejudice against mental health experts during trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2005;33:405-6.
249. Benedek EP, Selzer ML. Lawyers’ use of psychiatry: II. Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:435-6.
250. Hiday VA. Are lawyers enemies of psychiatrists? A survey of civil commitment counsel and judges. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:323-6.
251. Walter G. The stereotype of the mad psychiatrist. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1989;23:547-54.
252. von Sydow K, Reimer C. Attitudes toward psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts. Am J Psychother 1998;52:463-88.
253. Bruhn JG, Parsons O. A. Medical students attitudes towards four medical specialties. J Med Educ 1964;39:40-9.
254. Streit-Forest U, Laplante N. Probing further into the freshman medical students‘ attitudes toward "patient", "doctor-patient relation" and "psychiatrist". J Psychiatr Educ 1983;7:113-25.
255. Culshaw D, Clafferty R, Brown K. Let‘s get physical! A study of general practitioner‘s referral letters to general adult psychiatry – Are physical examination and investigation results included? Scott Med J 2008;53:7-8.
256. Dewan MJ, Levy BF, Donnelly MP. A positive view of psychiatrists and psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1988;29:523-31.
257. Cohen-Cole SA, Friedman CP. Attitudes of nonpsychiatric physicians toward psychiatric consultation. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1982;33:1002-5.
258. De-Nour AK. Attitudes of physicians in a general hospital towards psychiatric consultation service. Ment Health Soc 1979;5:215-23.
259. Schubert DS, Billowitz A, Gabinet L et al. Effect of liaison psychiatry on attitudes toward psychiatry, rate of consultation, and psychosocial documentation. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1989;11:77-87.
260. Doron A, Ma’oz B, Fennig S et al. Attitude of general practitioners towards psychiatric consultation in primary care clinic. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2003;40:90-5.
261. Barber R, Williams AS. Psychiatrists working in primary care: a survey of general practitioners attitude. Aust N Zeal J Psychiatry 1996;30:278-86.
262. Bhugra D. Professionalism and psychiatry: the profession speaks. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;118:327-9.
263. Bryant SG, Guernsey BG, Pearce EL et al. Pharmacists’ perceptions of mental health care, psychiatrists, and mentally ill patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985;42:1366-9.
264. Kellett JM, Mezey AG. Attitudes to psychiatry in the general hospital. BMJ 1970;4:106-8.
265. Koeske GF, Koeske RD, Mallinger J. Perceptions of professional competence: cross-disciplinary ratings of psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1993;63:45-54.
266. Brink C. "Keine Angst vor Psychiatern". Psychiatry, critics of psychiatry and the public in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960-1980. Med Ges Gesch 2006;26:341-60.
267. Ryan CS, Robinson DR, Hausmann LR. Stereotyping among providers and consumers of public mental health services. The role of perceived group variability. Ther Behav Modif 2001;25:406-42.
268. Jungbauer J, Wittmund B, Angermeyer MC. Caregivers’ views of the treating psychiatrists: coping resource or additional burden? Psychiatr Prax 2002;29:279-84.
269. Morgan G. Why people are often reluctant to see a psychiatrist. Psychiatr Bull 2006;30:346-7.
270. Strehlow U, Piesiur-Strehlow B. On the image of child psychiatry amongst the people and the parents concerned. Acta Paedopsychiatrica 1989;52:89-100.
271. Myers JM. The image of the psychiatrist. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:323-8.
272. Redlich FC. The psychiatrist in caricature: an analysis of unconscious attitudes toward psychiatry. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1950;20:560-71.
273. Schneider I. The theory and practice of movie psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:996-1002.
274. Gharaibeh NM. The psychiatrist‘s image in commercially available American movies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;114:316-9.
275. Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2004:15:23.
276. Wolff G, Pathare S, Craig T et al. Public education for community care. A new approach. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:441-7.
277. Battaglia J, Coverdale JH, Bushong CP. Evaluation of a mental illness awareness week program in public schools. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:324-9.
278. Stuart H. Media portrayal of mental illness and its treatments: what effect does it have on people with mental illness? CNS Drugs 2006;20:99-106.
279. Kutner L, Beresin EV. Media training for psychiatry residents. Acad Psychiatry 1999;23:227-32.
280. Coodin S, Chisholm F. Teaching in a new key: effects of a cotaught seminar on medical students‘ attitudes toward schizophrenia. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2001;24:299-302.
281. Persaud R. Psychiatrists suffer from stigma, too. Psychiatr Bull 2000;24:284-5.
282. Stotland NL. Psychiatry, the law, and public affairs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1998;26:281-7.
283. Lamontagne Y. The public image of psychiatrists. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:693-5.
284. Felix RH. The image of the psychiatrist: past, present and future. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:318-22.
285. Davidson HA. The image of the psychiatrist. Am J Psychiatry 1964;121:329-34.
286. Bhugra D. Psychiatric training in the UK: the next steps. World Psychiatry 2008;7:117-8.
287. Ajiboye PO. Consultation-liaison psychiatry: the past and the present. Afr J Med Med Sci 2007;36:201-5.
288. Kearney TR. The status and usefulness of the psychiatrist. Dis Nerv Syst 1961;22:6979.
289. Spiessl H, Cording C. Collaboration of the general practitioner and the psychiatrist with the psychiatric hospital. A literature review. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2000;68:206-15.
290. Gaebel W, Zäske H, Baumann AE et al. Evaluation of the German WPA "Program against stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia - Open the doors": results from representative telephone surveys before and after three years of antistigma interventions. Schizophr Res 2008;98:184-93.
291. Sartorius N, Schulze H. Reducing the stigma of mental illness: a report from a Global Programme of the World Psychiatric Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
292. Aichberger M, Sartorius N. Annotated bibliography of selected publications and other materials related to stigma and discrimination. An update for the years 2002 to 2006. Geneva: World Psychiatric Association Global Programme to Reduce the Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia, 2006.
293. Pickenhagen A, Sartorius N. Annotated bibliography of selected publications and other materials related to stigma and discrimination because of mental illness and intervention programmes fighting it. Geneva: World Psychiatric Association Global Programme to Reduce the Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia, 2002.
تعليقات الأعضاء